Hummingbird (Prepositions)

Grammar — Beginner Level

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Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and constituting the biological family Trochilidae. They are the smallest of birds, most species measuring 7.5–13 cm in length. The smallest extant bird species is the 5 cm bee hummingbird, which weighs less than 2.0 g.

They are known as hummingbirds because of the humming sound created by their beating wings, which flap at high frequencies audible to humans. They hover mid-air at rapid wing-flapping rates, which vary from around 12 beats per second in the largest species, to in excess of 80 in some of the smallest. Of those species that have been measured in wind tunnels, their top speeds exceed 15 m/s and some species can dive speeds in excess of 22 m/s.

Hummingbirds have the highest mass-specific metabolic rate any homeothermic animal. To conserve energy when food is scarce, and nightly when not foraging, they can go torpor, a state similar to hibernation, slowing their metabolic rate to 1/15th of its normal ratHummingbirds are specialized nectarivores and are tied to the ornithophilous flowers upon which they feed. Some species, especially those with unusual bill shapes, such as the sword-billed hummingbird and the sicklebills, are co-evolved with a small number of flower species. However, even in the most specialized hummingbird-plant mutualisms the number of food plant lineages of the individual hummingbird species increases time.

Source: Wikipedia

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Grammar

Vocabulary

exceed Trans. IMG
- (exceeded) go beyond, surpass
feed Trans. IMG
- (fed) give food and water, nourish
flap Trans. IMG
- move wings up and down when flying or preparing to fly
lineage Trans. IMG
- a sequence of species each of which is considered to have evolved from its predecessor
mutualism Trans. IMG
- the doctrine that mutual dependence is necessary to social well-being
native Trans. IMG
- an animal or plant indigenous to a place
scarce Trans. IMG
- not enough, lacking
species Trans. IMG
- group of animals or plants with common characteristics
torpor Trans. IMG
- a state of physical or mental inactivity; lethargy
unusual Trans. IMG
- rare, unique

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Hummingbird (Prepositions)

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